英汉对照分子生物学导论([美]西尔维恩·W.勒潘)（第二版） 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

本书是为分子生物学双语教学而编写，适用于高年级本科学生使用。本书内容涵盖分子生物学的中心问题，即DNA复制、转录、翻译和重组。我们从该领域的*基本内容（生物大分子的结构与功能）开始，系统、完整地阐述了上述主题，并引领读者贯通现代知识体系，从而深入理解这些过程是如何进行调控并创造出我们称之为“生命”的动态系统的。我们有目的地使用简洁的语言和详尽的插图来强化双语教学。书中通过嵌入二维码的方式配备了全文各章节英语课文、单词表音频录音，以及英汉对照名词解释，由此进一步强化双语教学目标。二维码内容还包含一些重要的实验技术双语内容，可以帮助学生将课堂所学分子生物学知识与课外学习活动联系起来。通过提供关于分子生物学重要内容和相关领域专业英语方面的训练，本教材能真正为读者提供一种现代的、切合实际的学习方式。

Introduction

Chapter 1  Amino Acids to Proteins

1.1Protein Composition

1.2Protein Conformations

1.2.1Describing Protein Structure

1.2.2Chemical and Physical Basis for Protein Folding

1.3Protein Structure and Function:A Few Examples

1.4The Dynamics of Proteins

1.5Experiments

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 2  Nucleic Acids

2.1Properties of a Genetic Material

2.2Nucleic Acids and DNA structure

2.2.1Nucleotides

2.2.2General Structure of Nucleic Acids

2.2.3Structure of DNA

2.3DNA as the Genetic Material

2.4DNA in the Cell

2.5RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

2.6Experiments

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 3  Transcription in

Prokaryotes:Mechanism and Regulation

3.1Why Use an RNA Intermediate

3.2Mechanism of Transcription

3.2.1Promoters

3.2.2RNA Polymerase

3.2.3Transcription Mechanism in Three Phases

3.3Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

3.3.1Coordinate Regulation

3.3.2The Lac Operon

3.3.3The Trp Operon

3.3.4Ara and Gal Operons

3.4Experiments

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 4  Transcription in

Eukaryotes:Mechanism and Regulation

4.1Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

4.2Eukaryotic Promoters

4.3General Transcription Factors and Initiation

4.3.1TFⅡD

4.3.2Other TFⅡs

4.3.3General Transcription Factors for RNA Polymerase Ⅰand Ⅲ

4.4Specific Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulation

4.4.1Activators

4.4.2Repressors

4.4.3Enhancers and Silencers

4.5Structures of Specific Transcription Factors

4.5.1DNA-Binding Motifs in Prokaryotes

4.5.2DNA-Binding Motifs in Eukaryotes

4.6Experiments

4.6.1RNA Polymerase Targets

4.6.2Modularity of Specific Transcription Factors

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 5  mRNA Modifications in

Eukaryotes

5.1Capping

5.2Polyadenylation

5.3Splicing

5.3.1The Basic Splicing Reaction

5.3.2Proteins Involved in Splicing

5.3.3Self-Splicing

5.3.4Trans-Splicing

5.3.5Reasons for Introns

5.4mRNA Editing

5.5Experiments

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 6  Translation

6.1The Genetic Code

6.2Mechanism of Translation in Prokaryotes

6.2.1Initiation

6.2.2Elongation

6.2.3Termination

6.3Translation in Eukaryotes

6.4tRNA Structure and Wobble

6.4.1Anti-codons

6.4.2Wobble

6.5Experiments

6.5.1Deciphering the Genetic Code

6.5.2Direction of Translation

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 7  Regulation of Gene Expression

in Eukaryotes

7.1Histones and Transcriptional Regulation

7.1.1Histones and DNA Organization

7.1.2Histones and Transcription

7.1.3Covalent Modification of Histones

7.1.4Proteins that Recognize and Modify Histones

7.2Post-Transcriptional Regulation

7.3Nuclear Export

7.4RNA Stability

7.4.1mRNA Stability Regulation by Proteins

7.4.2mRNA Stability Regulation by Small RNAs

7.5Translational Control

7.5.1Global Control

7.5.2mRNA-Specific Control

7.6mRNA Localization

7.7Protein Regulation

7.8Experiments

7.8.1Beads-on-a-string Structure

7.8.2Repression of Gene Expression in Heterochromatin

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 8  DNA Replication

8.1Semi-Conservative Replication

8.2Initiation of Replication

8.3Semi-Discontinuous Replication

8.4Elongation of Replication and its Proteins

8.4.1Helicase and SSBs

8.4.2DNA Polymerases

8.4.3Explanation for 3′→5′Synthesis

8.4.4Primers

8.5DNA Topology

8.6DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

8.6.1Initiation of DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

8.6.2Telomeres

8.7Experiments

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 9  Mutations and Mutation Repair

9.1DNA Damage and Mutations

9.2Point Mutations

9.2.1Mismatched Base

9.2.2Spontaneous Mutations

9.2.3Induced Mutations

9.3Insertions and Deletions

9.3.1Strand Slippage

9.3.2Transposons

9.3.3Intercalating Agents

9.4Large-Scale DNA Changes

9.5Consequences of DNA Mutations

9.5.1Consequences of Point Mutations

9.5.2Consequences of Insertions and Deletions

9.5.3Consequences of Translocations

9.5.4Mutation Hot Spots

9.6Mutation Repair

9.6.1Direct Reversal

9.6.2Mismatch Repair

9.6.3Nucleotide Excision Repair

9.6.4Base Excision Repair

9.6.5Double-Stranded Break Repair

9.7Experiments

9.7.1Nucleotide Excision Repair and Human Disease

9.7.2The Ames Test

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Chapter 10  Recombination

10.1Homologous Recombination

10.1.1Mechanism for Crossing-Over

10.1.2Mechanism for Double-Stranded Break Repair

10.1.3The RecBCD Pathway

10.1.4Gene Conversion

10.2Non-homologous Recombination

10.2.1Transposons

10.2.2Retrotransposons

10.2.3Bacteriophage λ Integration

Summary

Vocabulary

Review Questions

Exploration Questions

Answers to Review Questions

Index(Chinese)

Index(English)

绪论

第1章从氨基酸到蛋白质

1.1蛋白质的组成

1.2蛋白质的构象

1.2.1描述蛋白质的结构

1.2.2蛋白质折叠的化学和物理基础

1.3蛋白质的结构与功能：几个例子

1.4蛋白质动力学

1.5实验研究

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第2章核酸

2.1遗传物质的性质

2.2核酸与DNA结构

2.2.1核苷酸

2.2.2核酸的一般结构

2.2.3DNA的结构

2.3DNA作为遗传物质

2.4细胞中的DNA

2.5RNA（核糖核酸）

2.6实验研究

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第3章原核生物转录：机理与调控

3.1为什么使用RNA作为中间物

3.2转录机理

3.2.1启动子

3.2.2RNA聚合酶

3.2.3转录机理的三个阶段

3.3原核生物基因表达调控

3.3.1协同调控

3.3.2乳糖操纵子

3.3.3色氨酸操纵子

3.3.4阿拉伯糖与半乳糖操纵子

3.4实验研究

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第4章真核生物转录：机理与调控

4.1真核生物RNA聚合酶

4.2真核生物启动子

4.3通用转录因子与转录起始

4.3.1TFⅡD

4.3.2其他TFⅡs

4.3.3RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅲ的通用转录因子

4.4特异转录因子与转录调控

4.4.1激活蛋白

4.4.2阻遏蛋白

4.4.3增强子和沉默子

4.5特异转录因子的结构

4.5.1原核生物DNA结合基序

4.5.2真核生物DNA结合基序

4.6实验研究

4.6.1RNA聚合酶的目标

4.6.2特异转录因子的模块化Summary

词汇

习题

思考题

第5章真核生物mRNA的修饰

5.1加帽

5.2聚腺苷酸化

5.3剪接

5.3.1基本的剪接反应

5.3.2在剪接中发挥作用的蛋白质

5.3.3自我剪接

5.3.4反式剪接

5.3.5内含子存在的原因

5.4mRNA编辑

5.5实验研究

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第6章翻译

6.1遗传密码

6.2原核生物翻译机理

6.2.1起始

6.2.2延伸

6.2.3终止

6.3真核生物翻译

6.4tRNA结构与摇摆

6.4.1反密码子

6.4.2摇摆

6.5实验研究

6.5.1破译遗传密码

6.5.2翻译的方向

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第7章真核生物基因表达调控

7.1组蛋白与转录调控

7.1.1组蛋白与DNA组织

7.1.2组蛋白与转录

7.1.3组蛋白的共价修饰

7.1.4识别和修饰组蛋白的蛋白质

7.2转录后调控

7.3细胞核输出

7.4RNA稳定性

7.4.1蛋白质调控mRNA稳定性

7.4.2小RNA调控mRNA稳定性

7.5翻译调控

7.5.1全局控制

7.5.2mRNA特异性控制

7.6mRNA定位

7.7蛋白质调控

7.8实验研究

7.8.1线珠结构

7.8.2异染色质中基因表达的阻遏

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第8章DNA复制

8.1半保留复制

8.2复制的起始

8.3半不连续复制

8.4复制延伸及其相关蛋白

8.4.1解旋酶与SSB

8.4.2DNA聚合酶

8.4.3关于3′→5′合成

8.4.4引物

8.5DNA拓扑学

8.6真核生物DNA复制

8.6.1真核生物DNA复制起始

8.6.2端粒

8.7实验研究

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第9章突变与突变修复

9.1DNA损伤与突变

9.2点突变

9.2.1错配的碱基

9.2.2自发突变

9.2.3诱发突变

9.3插入和缺失

9.3.1链滑动

9.3.2转座子

9.3.3嵌入剂

9.4大规模DNA变化

9.5DNA突变的后果

9.5.1点突变的后果

9.5.2插入和缺失的后果

9.5.3易位的后果

9.5.4突变热点

9.6突变修复

9.6.1直接回复

9.6.2错配修复

9.6.3核苷酸切除修复

9.6.4碱基切除修复

9.6.5双链断裂修复

9.7实验研究

9.7.1核苷酸切除修复与人类疾病

9.7.2埃姆斯测验法

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

第10章重组

10.1同源重组

10.1.1交换机理

10.1.2双链断裂修复机理

10.1.3RecBCD途径

10.1.4基因转换

10.2非同源重组

10.2.1转座子

10.2.2反转录转座子

10.2.3λ噬菌体的整合

小结

词汇

习题

思考题

习题答案

中文索引

英文索引

参考文献

王勇，江苏大学食品与生物工程学院，副教授，王勇，江苏大学食品与生物工程学院，副教授。1985年毕业于复旦大学生物系，获理学学士学位；2003年毕业于江苏大学生命科学研究院，获工学博士学位。1985-1997年就职于中国农业科学院蚕业研究所（镇江），1994-1996年主持完成了国家自然科学基金“人工合成抗菌肽基因导入桑树的研究”课题；1997-2001年就职于中美合作上海实宏纸业有限公司；2001年以后在江苏大学任教，讲授硕士研究生《分子生物学》双语课程，本科《分子生物学》双语课程，本科《生物信息学》双语课程。2006年与美国学者Sylvain W. Lapan先生合作完成《英汉对照分子生物学导论》讲义稿，用于2006~2007年本科教学总结、完善后，于2008年送交化学工业出版社正式出版。所获奖项：江苏大学2015年度本科教学先进个人、“分子生物学双语课程建设与实践”获江苏大学高等教育教学成果一等奖（2009年）、“分子生物学双语教学实践与探索”获全国首届生物化学与分子生物学教学研讨会论文三等奖（2007年）。

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前言

Foreword   

Dear Readers,

With this new edition of An Introduction to Molecular Biology with Chinese

Translation we continue our mission that has captivated and motivated us from the

beginning.Firstly, to convey fundamental concepts of how genetic information is

replicated, expressed and modified.Secondly, to assist Chinese readers in

learning words and phrases in the English language used to describe these

processes.We have been honored by the positive feedback of students over the

past decade, and used these comments to maintain and improve the qualities of

this book that students value the most: the native English main text, accurate

translation, clear figures and audio files narrated in American English.

The past decade has witnessed remarkable advancements in biotechnology — the

reduction in cost of DNA sequencing and synthesis, the application of genome

engineering techniques such as CRISPR, the use of transposases for generating

DNA libraries and profiling chromatin, to name just a few.In each case, these

advances would not have been made if not for basic research into genome

structure, stability, and expression.We have an enormous amount still to gain

from the basic study of molecular biology in a variety of organisms, as well as

the innovative application of discoveries to solve challenges in

biotechnology.It is our sincere hope that this new edition will advance the

goal of introducing Chinese and English-speaking students to this exciting

field and fostering global collaboration.

Best wishes,

The Authors

Jan 2018 

前言

亲爱的读者：

在新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》中，我们继续努力达成促使与激励我们编写本书的初衷——首先，讲述遗传信息是如何进行复制、表达和改变的基本概念；其次，帮助中国读者学习描述这些生命过程的英语词汇与短语。我们很荣幸在过去十年里收到不少学生对本书的积极反馈，这些反馈表明了学生关心本书的以下品质：地道的英语课文，准确的中文翻译，清晰的图解以及美式英语音频文件。在新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》中，这些品质都得到了维护与提升。

过去十年里生物技术领域取得了令人瞩目的成就——DNA测序与合成成本显著降低、CRISPR等基因编辑技术的应用、使用转座酶生成DNA文库及分析染色质等等，不胜枚举。具体到某一方面，所有成就的取得都是建立在对基因组结构与稳定性以及基因表达特性的基础研究之上的。现今，分子生物学基础研究仍有待在许多不同生物中展开，生物技术领域所面临的挑战也需要创造性地应用分子生物学基础研究成果来应对。我们诚挚希望新版《英汉对照分子生物学导论》能有助于引导中国学生与英语国家学生进入这一令人兴奋的领域并培养全球合作精神。

致以良好祝愿！

作者

2018年1月

Foreword to the First Edition   

One of the wonderful things about molecular biology is that the field depends

on constant communication.Important questions can only be answered through the

collaboration of researchers from all over the world, who each contribute their

piece of the puzzle and build on each others work.But this lively interaction

also poses challenges, particularly the problem of language.How can scientists

collaborate if they speak and publish in different languages?

As it happens, the language of molecular biology is now English.The vast

majority of published research is in English, as are most international

conferences.The language has become so central because a large number of

scientists and research centers that have made important contributions to

molecular biology were, and still are, based in England and the United

States.The predominance of one language is not necessarily fair, but it is a

reality that most professionals working in the field must face.

For Chinese students, learning biology in English can be very exciting, but

also quite challenging.Chinese and English are very different languages, with

completely different phonetics and writing systems.On top of this, biology

textbooks and articles in English are especially difficult to understand, even

for native English speakers.There is a lot of unique vocabularies, and there

may be sentence structures particular to scientific writing.

In many cases, Chinese students are presented with a giant textbook only in

English and instructors hope for the best.Our experience as teachers of

molecular biology in China is that this approach is unrealistic.Most students

in China at this time, especially those who are on a course of scientific

study, do not have enough training in English to understand textbooks written

for native English speakers.Struggling with the language often comes at the

expense of actually learning the concepts and principles of molecular biology.

We have put together this book with the hope of creating a more realistic, more

sympathetic, and more specialized approach to learn molecular biology in

English.Advanced students can learn by reading the English portion of the book,

and refer to the Chinese translation to check their understanding, or for

reference on individual words.Beginners in English can learn from the Chinese

portion, and refer to the English for an introduction to vocabularies.With both

languages present, students and instructors have more options for how to learn!

An added feature of this book is that all the English texts have been

accompanied by audio files.They are especially helpful for those who intend to

improve their listening comprehension of academic English.Meanwhile,the

elaborately designed figures will enable readers to understand concepts and

principles in molecular terms much more easily.

The book covers the material that we feel an advanced, undergraduate student of

molecular biology should know.Unlike many textbooks used for molecular biology,

this is not meant as a reference book, a large volume where one can look up any

facts about the cell.Those kinds of volumes have their use, but we feel that it

is unproductive to present students with such piles of information.If students

can master all of the information present even in this relatively brief book,

they will already be more informed than most students of the field, and even

some professionals!

It is with great excitement that we invite you to learn molecular biology with

us in English.This is an important age for China and the rest of the world!As

China becomes every day more prosperous, its research centers and companies are

improving and have much to offer scientific communities around the world.At the

same time, the continued development of China depends on the knowledge and

skills that have been developed in the West and continue to flourish there.In

molecular biology, there is much to gain if we can share and communicate with

each other!

Sincerely,

The Authors

October 2007

版前言

关于分子生物学的美好事物之一就是这一领域的发展依赖于不断的交流。重大问题只能通过全世界研究人员的合作才能找到答案，每个研究小组为解答难题贡献出他们的研究成果，并在他人研究成果的基础上开展更深入的研究。但是要开展这种密切合作也面临着许多挑战，特别是语言问题。如果科学家们说着不同的语言、用不同的语言发表文章，那他们之间怎么去开展合作呢？

算是一种机缘巧合吧，现在分子生物学所用的语言是英语。绝大多数研究结果都用英语发表，大多数国际会议也用英语发言。由于对分子生物学做出过重大贡献的许多科学家和研究中心都在英国和美国，现在也仍然是这些国家在发挥着主导作用，因此英语已经成为首要的语言。一种语言起主导作用不一定是公平的，但这是大多数在这一领域工作的专业人员必须面对的现实。

对中国学生来说，用英语学习生物学会是很令人兴奋的，但也会是颇具挑战性的。汉语和英语是很不一样的语言，具有完全不同的语音和语法体系。此外，生物学的英语教材和文章特别难以理解，即使对母语为英语的读者来说也是如此。书中有许多特殊的词汇，还会有一些特殊的科技写作方面的惯用句子结构。

许多时候，中国学生拿到手的是一本厚厚的英文教材，教师希望学生从中获得的收益。我们在中国讲授分子生物学的体会是：这样的做法是不切合实际的。这一阶段的大多数中国学生，特别是那些还处于科学研究课程学习阶段的学生，并不具备足够的英语能力去理解为母语是英语的读者编写的教材。在语言上的些许进步实际上是以牺牲理解分子生物学概念与原理为代价的。

我们编写此书的目的是想为用英语学习分子生物学提供一种更实际、更让人喜欢和更专业的方法。程度好的学生可以阅读本书的英文部分，并参考中文译文以检查他们的理解情况，或参考个别单词的中文含义。英语程度差一点的学生可以从本书的中文部分学习，并参考英文而开始掌握专业词汇。使用这样的英汉对照教材，在如何学习上学生和教师都可以有更多的选择！

本书的另一个特点是：所有的英语课文都有配套的音频文件。它们对那些希望提高自身专业英语听力水平的人特别有帮助。同时，精心设计的插图能使读者更容易地从分子水平上理解相关的概念与原理。

本书包括的内容是我们认为一个分子生物学高年级本科生应该掌握的。与许多分子生物学教材不同，它不是一本参考书，不是一本让人查阅关于细胞各方面内容的大部头著作。那些大部头著作自然有它们的用武之地，而我们觉得向学生提供这么一大堆信息并不是很有成效的做法。如果学生能掌握这本相对来说比较简单的书中的所有内容，他们就已经是这一领域学生中出类拔萃的了，他们甚至可能比一些专业人员还要强！

能邀请你与我们一道用英语来学习分子生物学让我们觉得很兴奋。中国和世界的其他国家正处于一个重要的时代！随着中国的日益进步与繁荣，中国的研究中心和公司正在取得更大的进展，它们正在为世界科学共同体提供更多的研究成果。同时，中国的持续发展需要了解西方已经拥有的和即将涌现的知识和技能。在分子生物学领域，如果我们能够共享知识与技能并互相交流，我们就都可以取得更大的成就！

作者  谨识

2007年10月