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目录

序言

1 人类舞台的形成

2 我们最早的祖先

3 史前人

4 象形文字

5 尼罗河流域

6 埃及的故事

7 .美索不达米亚

8 苏美尔人

9 摩西

10 腓尼基人

11 印欧人

12 爱琴海

13 希腊人

14 古希腊的城市

15 古希腊人的自治

16 古希腊人的生活

17 古希腊的戏剧

18 波斯人发动的历次战争

19 雅典与斯巴达之争

20 亚历山大大帝

21 梗概

22 罗马和迦太基

23 罗马帝国的兴起

24 罗马帝国

25 拿撒勒人约书亚

26 罗马帝国的倾覆

27 教会的兴起

28 穆罕默德

29 查理曼大帝

30 北欧人

31 封建制度

32 骑士制度

33 教皇与皇帝争权

34 十字军

35 中世纪的城市

36 中世纪的自治

37 中世纪的世界

38 中世纪的贸易

39 文艺复兴

40 表现的时代

41 伟大的发现

42 佛陀和孔夫子

43 宗教改革

44 宗教战争

45 英国革命

46 势力均衡

47 俄国的兴起

48 俄国与瑞典之战

49 普鲁士的兴起

50 重商主义

51 美国革命

52 法国革命

53 拿破仑

54 神圣同盟

55 强大的反动力

56 民族独立

57 机器时代

58 社会革命

59 奴隶解放

60 科学的时代

61 艺术

62 殖民地扩张与战争

63 一个新的世界

64 永远如此

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Carthage was a plutocracy and the real power of the state lay in the hands of a dozen big ship-owners and mine-owners and merchants who met in the back room of an office and regarded their common Fatherland as a business enterprise which ought to yield them a decent profit.

Of course, such a "plutocracy" was forever at the mercy of the crowd. As long as there was plenty of work and wages were high, the majority of the citizens were quite contented, allowed their "betters" to rule them and asked no embarrassing questions. But when no ships left the harbor, when no ore was brought to the smelting-ovens, when dockworkers and stevedores were thrown out of employment, then there were grumblings and there was a demand that the popular assembly be called together as in the olden days when Carthage had been a self-governing republic.

But just as the Greeks had not loved their Aegean teachers, in this same way did the Romans hate their Etruscan masters. They got rid of them as soon as they could and the opportunity offered itself when Greek merchants discovered the commercial possibilities of Italy and when the first Greek vessels reached Rome.

But once the kings had been driven from the city, the Romans were forced to bridle the power of the nobles, and it took many centuries before they managed to establish a system which gave every free citizen of Rome a chance to take a personal interest in the affairs of his town.

They were less imaginative than the Greeks and they preferred an ounce of action to a pound of words.

He refused to accept battle but forever he followed Hannibal, destroyed everything eatable, destroyed the roads, attacked small detachments and generally weakened the morale of the Carthaginian troops by a most distressing and annoying form of guerilla warfare.

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